Key Takeaways
- Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions that include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, each with specific symptoms and severe health risks.
- Recognizing early signs and risk factors, such as genetic predispositions and environmental pressures, is crucial for timely intervention and effective treatment.
- Comprehensive treatment approaches, including therapy, medication, and nutrition counseling, significantly enhance recovery outcomes for individuals affected by eating disorders.
- We Level Up Texas Treatment Centers emphasize the importance of family involvement in the recovery process. Family-based therapy (FBT) is offered to help families create a supportive and nurturing environment, fostering a collaborative approach to healing.
- The centers also provide support groups, which offer a sense of community and shared understanding, enabling individuals to connect with others who experience similar challenges. This sense of solidarity is crucial in the journey towards recovery.
Eating disorders are a category of mental illnesses that include binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa. There are also other, less common types of eating disorders, such as pica and regurgitation disorders. All of these have the potential to lead to poor physical and mental health outcomes if not treated.
Below, we will learn more about eating disorders and discuss some of the most effective treatment options.
Common Types of Eating Disorders
Various eating disorders manifest with distinct symptoms and pose different challenges. Among the most common eating disorders are:
- Anorexia nervosa
- Bulimia nervosa
- Binge eating disorder
- Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
These conditions can severely affect an individual’s health and overall quality of life. Each condition exhibits unique behavior patterns and specific health risks, which highlight the importance of recognizing their differences to obtain proper treatment.
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that involves an extreme fear of gaining weight and a misperception of an individual’s body image. Those suffering from this condition typically engage in drastic food consumption restrictions, which may cause them to experience substantial weight loss and dangerous health problems. They also often avoid specific food groups entirely and participate in excessive physical exercise as part of their efforts to lose weight.
Despite being at a critically low body weight, they often have a persistent fear of gaining any weight. This can lead to severe consequences for both mental and physical well-being. The effect on the physique can be dramatic, resulting in emaciation, with people frequently developing a dangerously low Body Mass Index (BMI).
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
People struggling with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) have a significant lack of interest in eating, coupled with severe limitations on the variety and quantity of their food consumption.
Sensory discomfort or anxieties about potential adverse effects such as choking or vomiting often lead them to steer clear of specific foods. ARFID may manifest early in life, during infancy or childhood. It is not exclusive to these stages and can emerge at any age.
The repercussions of restrictive food intake due to ARFID are critical and can precipitate significant weight loss or impede appropriate weight gain. Such consequences pave the way for marked nutritional shortages along with other detrimental health impacts.
To tackle this disorder effectively, treatment involves a tailored approach that brings together multiple professionals dedicated to catering to each individual’s specific requirements.
Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder defined by periods of binge eating coupled with purging cycles. Those suffering from bulimia nervosa tend to consume vast quantities of food rapidly. Afterward, they often feel remorse and shame, and feel a loss of control. In response, they take actions to attempt to avoid weight gain, like self-induced vomiting, engaging in extreme physical exercise, or utilizing laxatives.
This condition can take a significant toll both physically and mentally on individuals. The health risks associated with the various methods used to purge include damage to the esophagus, disruptions in heart rhythm, and dental decay. On an emotional level, there is often an obsessive concern about body shape and weight, which is frequently paired with intense self-criticism and heightened anxiety levels.
Binge Eating Disorder
Binge eating disorder involves repeated instances where an individual consumes substantial quantities of food rapidly and does not engage in purging activities afterward. Negative emotions often prompt these binging episodes, culminating in feelings of guilt, disgust, or shame post-consumption.
Distinct from bulimia nervosa, those suffering from binge eating disorder do not follow this up with behaviors to counteract the binge eating. Such a lack of compensatory actions can give rise to various health problems, including obesity.
This relentless cycle between excessive food intake and emotional turmoil poses a formidable challenge to disrupt and increases the risk of serious health consequences if left unaddressed over time.
Many people might try to offset their binges by significantly reducing their food consumption. This strategy typically backfires by leading them into more frequent episodes of binge eating. This vicious circle is both unhealthy and detrimental for those affected by the disorder.
Eating Disorder Statistics
Eating disorders are surprisingly common. Here are some recent statistics showing just how many people are living with an eating disorder:
- Approximately 9% of the U.S. population will experience an eating disorder in their lifetime, equating to nearly 30 million Americans.
- Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disorder, with estimates suggesting that 1 in 5 deaths is by suicide.
- Binge eating disorder is the most common eating disorder in the U.S., affecting about 3.5% of women and 2% of men, with a significant portion of those affected being of average weight or overweight.
- Bulimia nervosa affects approximately 1.5% of women and 0.5% of men during their lifetime, often leading to severe health consequences if untreated.
- The economic cost of eating disorders in the U.S. is estimated to be around $64.7 billion per year, encompassing healthcare expenses, productivity losses, and other associated costs.
- Early intervention is crucial, as research indicates that individuals who receive treatment within the first three years of developing an eating disorder have a significantly higher chance of full recovery.
These statistics emphasize the importance of recognizing early signs and symptoms, seeking prompt treatment, and supporting ongoing recovery efforts to mitigate the serious health consequences associated with eating disorders.
Statistics on Eating Disorders in Texas
A 2018 report found that 9% of Texas residents, or over 2.5 million people, will develop an eating disorder within their lifetime. Eating disorders lead to 4,730 ER visits and over 2,000 hospital stays annually in the Lone Star State.
The economic costs are staggering, too. There is an estimated economic cost in Texas of $5.7 billion per year and $28.6 billion in costs associated with a loss of well-being. While everyone will feel these costs, from the government to employers, the biggest cost is to Texas residents. Texan individuals and families will lose an estimated $2.1 billion annually.
Signs and Symptoms of Eating Disorders
It is critical to identify the indicators of eating disorders promptly for timely intervention and successful treatment. Common behaviors include excessive exercise, binge eating, limiting food intake, and purging. Fixation with body shape, weight, and food often accompanies these behaviors. This can be evident in the secretive consumption of foods as well as regular conversations around these subjects.
Noticeable shifts in body weight along with alterations in dental health or the appearance of one’s skin or hair serve as physical signs. Emotional indications might include fluctuating moods along with tendencies towards depression or anxiety.
Connections between eating disorders and other mental disorders have been established—including a propensity toward self-injurious behavior, depressive episodes, and anxieties about various life situations—and such correlations signal an overarching need for extensive support surrounding mental wellness.
What Causes Eating Disorders?
Eating disorders are complex mental health conditions. While the exact causes are not fully understood, research suggests that a combination of factors contribute to their development. Below are some factors that are linked to a higher risk of developing an eating disorder.
Genetics and Family History
Genetics plays a significant role in the development of eating disorders. Studies have shown that people with a family history of eating disorders are more likely to develop one themselves. Also, certain genes have been identified that may increase susceptibility to eating disorders. Inherited personality traits, such as perfectionism or anxiety, have also been associated with eating disorders.
It is important to note that having a genetic predisposition does not guarantee the development of an eating disorder, but it can increase the risk when combined with other factors.
Peer Pressure
Social influences can impact eating behaviors, particularly during adolescence and young adulthood. Many teenagers especially feel pressure to fit in or conform to certain body types within peer groups. Bullying or teasing about weight or appearance is common, and some people are triggered even more by participating in activities that emphasize body size or shape (e.g., certain sports or dance).
Media and the Environment
The media and societal pressures can significantly impact body image and eating behaviors. Unrealistic beauty standards portrayed in media can lead to body dissatisfaction, and social media platforms may promote unhealthy comparisons and idealized body types. A cultural emphasis on thinness or specific body shapes can contribute to disordered eating.
While media influence is substantial, it is helpful to develop critical thinking skills and a healthy relationship with media consumption.
Life Changes
The stress of significant life events or transitions, even positive ones, can sometimes trigger the onset of an eating disorder.
Examples include major life transitions like starting college, changing jobs, and moving to a new city. The loss of a loved one or the end of a relationship is also very stressful and can make you more vulnerable to developing an eating disorder.
Last but not least, professional pressure, whether from work or school, can also fan the flames of an eating disorder.
Emotional Health
Mental health and emotional well-being play a crucial role in the development of eating disorders. Depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions often co-occur with eating disorders.
Low self-esteem and poor body image can trigger disordered eating behaviors. Lastly, trauma or past experiences may contribute to the development of an eating disorder as a coping mechanism. Addressing underlying emotional health issues is a key component of recovery from an eating disorder.
Who is at Risk of Developing an Eating Disorder?
While anyone can develop an eating disorder, some people are at higher risk. We discussed some factors above that increase your risk for an eating disorder. Below, we will look more specifically at certain individuals who may be more likely to develop an eating disorder.
People With Type 1 Diabetes
Individuals with Type 1 diabetes encounter unique difficulties, heightening their susceptibility to eating disorders like “diabulimia,” a condition in which they intentionally adjust insulin levels as a method to lose weight. Engaging in this dangerous behavior can precipitate significant health issues and necessitate dedicated therapeutic intervention.
Dieters and “Clean Eaters”
Obsessive “clean eating” and strict dieting can trigger patterns of disordered eating. Indications that dieting may have turned dangerous include severe dietary limitations, an excessive concern with food, and considerable weight loss.
Athletes
Especially prevalent among athletes in weight-class sports, there is a higher incidence of eating disorders due to the pressure to sustain specific body weights or meet performance-related weight requirements. These pressures can cause disordered eating behaviors, posing substantial health risks.
Low-Income Individuals
Financial constraints and lack of access to sufficient food are obstacles that hinder low-income people from obtaining treatment for eating disorders. These challenges not only play a role in the emergence of disordered eating behaviors but also make it more difficult to recover owing to scarce resources.
People Who Are Bullied
Bullying, especially when it involves body image and weight issues, can be a critical risk factor for the onset of eating disorders. Social pressures that lead to distorted body images may catalyze detrimental eating patterns and pose challenges to mental health.
Treatment Options for Eating Disorders
Effective treatment for eating disorders requires a comprehensive approach that may include therapy, medication, and nutrition counseling. Early intervention significantly enhances the effectiveness of treatment.
Hospital or residential treatment programs may be necessary for severe cases, and cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and certain medications can be effective for specific disorders like binge eating disorder.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is key in treating eating disorders. Several types of therapy help address the many facets of this condition.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a widely used psychotherapy for treating eating disorders. It focuses on identifying and modifying the negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to the development and maintenance of the eating disorder.
During CBT sessions, you will work closely with a therapist to explore and challenge the distorted beliefs and thought patterns related to body image, food, and self-worth. The therapist will guide you through exercises in cognitive restructuring, which will help you replace irrational thoughts with more balanced and realistic perspectives.
CBT also incorporates behavioral strategies, such as exposure therapy and mindfulness techniques, to help you develop healthier coping mechanisms and regain control over your eating behaviors. By addressing both cognitive and behavioral aspects, CBT equips you with the tools necessary to overcome the eating disorder and maintain long-term recovery.
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) was originally developed for treating borderline personality disorder, but it has also been proven effective for eating disorders. It is especially helpful for impulsive behaviors and emotional dysregulation.
In DBT, you will learn mindfulness techniques to help you become more aware of your thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations without judgment. This heightened awareness can help you better understand and manage the emotions that may trigger disordered eating behaviors.
Additionally, DBT teaches specific skills for regulating emotions, tolerating distress, and improving interpersonal effectiveness. These skills can be invaluable in navigating the challenges associated with an eating disorder, such as intense emotions, impulsivity, and interpersonal conflicts.
Family-based treatment (FBT), also known as the Maudsley approach, is a specialized psychotherapy designed for treating eating disorders in adolescents and young adults. This approach recognizes the crucial role that family members play in the recovery process and actively involves them in the treatment.
During FBT sessions, the entire family works together with a therapist to develop a comprehensive plan for recovery. Family members are empowered to take an active role in supporting and monitoring the individual’s progress. They also address any family dynamics or communication patterns that may contribute to the eating disorder.
FBT aims to restore a healthy parent-child relationship and promote a nurturing environment that encourages recovery. By involving the family, this approach not only addresses the individual’s needs but also fosters a supportive and collaborative system for long-term recovery.
Medication
Medications are helpful for many people on their road to recovery, especially if combined with psychotherapy. Antidepressants, including Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), lisdexamfetamine, topiramate, and zonisamide are a few options. Your prescriber can work with you to help determine if medication may be a good option for you.
Medical Care
Regular medical check-ups and care are vital in treating eating disorders, especially in severe cases. This includes frequent health checks. In cases of severe malnutrition or serious health problems, hospital stays may be needed. Treating any other health issues is also a key part of the overall care plan.
Nutrition Counseling
Learning about nutrition is crucial for recovering from eating disorders. A dietitian who knows about eating disorders can teach about balanced eating and what the body needs. They help plan meals and set up eating routines. Nutrition experts also guide you through changing eating habits and behaviors. They help people face food fears and wrong ideas. Nutrition counseling works along with therapy to address both the physical and mental aspects of eating disorders.
Seeking Help for Eating Disorders
Recognizing that you or someone you care about may have an eating disorder is an important first step toward recovery. Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions that can have severe physical and emotional consequences, but with proper treatment and support, recovery is possible.
If you are concerned about your relationship with food, body image, or eating behaviors, it is crucial to reach out for professional help as soon as possible.
Dispelling Myths About Eating Disorders
Dispelling the numerous myths surrounding eating disorders is crucial in reducing stigma and confusion. We must counter these falsehoods with accurate information to raise awareness among the general populace and assist individuals who are grappling with such conditions.
Myth #1: Families Cause Eating Disorders
Despite common misconceptions, eating disorders are not brought about by family actions. Although the environment within a family can affect healing from such disorders, it is not the underlying reason for them.
At We Level Up TX, options for family therapy play a crucial role in recovery by offering assistance and promoting habits of healthy eating.
Myth #4: Eating Disorders Are Impossible To Recover From
With appropriate treatment and support, individuals can recover from eating disorders. Successful recovery outcomes are often linked to early intervention and thorough treatment programs such as those offered at We Level Up TX, as indicated by recovery rate statistics.
Maintaining hope and dedication throughout the process of recovery is crucial.
Myth #2: Eating Disorders Are a Choice
Eating disorders are complex mental health conditions with biological and psychological underpinnings. They are not a lifestyle choice but serious health issues that require professional treatment and support.
Understanding this helps to reduce stigma and encourage individuals to seek help.
Myth #5: Only Girls Get Eating Disorders
Raising awareness is critical to ensure that individuals of all genders, including males and non-binary people, receive the necessary support and treatment for eating disorders. These conditions also impact these groups but are frequently underdiagnosed.
Myth #3: Careful or Picky Eating Habits Are an Eating Disorder
It is important to understand that although selective or meticulous habits around healthy eating do not automatically suggest an eating disorder, there is a threshold where these behaviors can develop into disordered eating patterns. Identifying the indicators of unhealthy eating practices is essential for intervening early and preventing the progression to more severe disorders.
Summary
Understanding eating disorders is crucial for early intervention and effective treatment. These conditions are serious mental health issues that affect individuals’ physical and emotional well-being. By recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the underlying causes, and knowing the available treatment options, we can better support those affected.
Recovery from eating disorders is possible with the right support and treatment. Whether through therapy, medication use, or nutrition counseling, individuals can develop healthier eating habits and improve their overall well-being. It is important to remain hopeful and committed to the healing journey, knowing that help is available and recovery is achievable.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the common types of eating disorders?
The common types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). These disorders are serious and require appropriate treatment and support.
What are the signs and symptoms of eating disorders?
Signs and symptoms of eating disorders include significant weight fluctuations, changes in skin and dental health, mood swings, anxiety, and behaviors such as purging, binge eating, and excessive exercise.
What causes eating disorders?
Eating disorders are caused by a complex interplay of genetic, biological, psychological, and social factors. In short, there is no one cause of an eating disorder.
What treatment options are available for eating disorders?
Therapy and counseling, medication, and nutrition counseling are successful treatment options for eating disorders. They are typically used with each other for a more effective treatment plan. When implemented early and integrated into a holistic, evidence-based, and health insurer-authorized strategy, they greatly improve the likelihood of recovery.
Can eating disorders be cured?
Recovery from eating disorders is achievable with appropriate treatment and support. Early intervention, therapy, and nutritional counseling are vital for successful long-term outcomes.
Learn about We Level Up Texas Treatment Centers
We Level Up Texas Treatment Centers are at the forefront of providing specialized care for individuals facing the challenges of eating disorders. Situated in the heart of Texas, these centers are renowned for their commitment to offering personalized and comprehensive treatment plans tailored to the unique needs of each patient. Recognizing the complex nature of eating disorders, We Level Up Texas integrates a variety of therapeutic modalities to address both the physical and psychological aspects of these conditions.
A cornerstone of their approach is the use of evidence-based therapies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) are prominently featured in their programs, assisting individuals in reshaping unhealthy thought patterns and developing effective coping mechanisms. These therapies are complemented by nutritional counseling, where registered dietitians work closely with patients to establish healthier eating habits and rectify any nutritional imbalances. This holistic focus ensures that individuals receive comprehensive care that addresses all facets of their well-being. Note that services are subject to change and may vary with your individualized treatment plan; please call for precise availability of insurance-covered treatment and holistic therapies.
We Level Up Texas Treatment Centers emphasize the importance of family involvement in the recovery process. Family-based therapy (FBT) is offered to help families create a supportive and nurturing environment, fostering a collaborative approach to healing. The centers also provide support groups, which offer a sense of community and shared understanding, enabling individuals to connect with others experiencing similar challenges. This sense of solidarity is crucial in the journey towards recovery.
Furthermore, We Level Up Texas Treatment Centers embrace an evidence-based whole-person treatment philosophy by incorporating insurer-permitted holistic therapies such as art therapy, yoga, and mindfulness practices. These activities are designed to enhance overall well-being and promote a balanced lifestyle. By integrating these elements into their treatment plans, the centers ensure a well-rounded approach to recovery, empowering individuals to regain control over their health and embark on a path to lasting recovery.
With their comprehensive and individualized treatment plans, We Level Up Texas Treatment Centers stand as a beacon of hope for those struggling with eating disorders. Their dedication to holistic, evidence-based care emphasizing family involvement makes them a leading choice for individuals seeking effective and compassionate treatment in Texas.
Opening Soon! World-class, Accredited, Anticipated 5-Star Reviewed, Effective Addiction & Mental Health Programs. Complete Behavioral Health Inpatient Rehab, Detox plus Co-occuring Disorders Therapy.
FREE Addiction Hotline – Call 24/7End the Addiction Pain. End the Emotional Rollercoaster. Get Your Life Back. Start Drug, Alcohol & Dual Diagnosis Mental Health Treatment Now. Get Free No-obligation Guidance by Substance Abuse Specialists Who Understand Addiction & Mental Health Recovery & Know How to Help.
Start a New Life
Begin with a free call to an addiction & behavioral health treatment advisor. Learn more about our dual-diagnosis programs. The We Level Up treatment center network delivers recovery programs that vary by each treatment facility. Call to learn more.
- Personalized Care
- Caring Accountable Staff
- World-class Amenities
- Licensed & Accredited
- Renowned w/ 100s 5-Star Reviews
We’ll Call You
Search We Level Up Texas Eating Disorder, Mental Health Topics, and Resources
Sources
National Institute of Mental Health. (2024). Eating Disorders: What You Need to Know – National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders
Deloitte Access Economics. (2020, June). The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in the United States of America: A Report for the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders and the Academy for Eating Disorders. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/
Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A.J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011, July). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7):724-731. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
Hudson, J.I., Hiripi, E., Pope Jr., H.G., & Kessler, R.C. (2007, February 1). The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry,61(3):348-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
Mills, R., Hyam, L., & Schmidt, U. (2024, November 1). Early intervention for eating disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry,37(6):397-403. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000963
Deloitte Access Economics. (2020, June). The Social and Economic Cost of Eating Disorders in Texas. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/wp-content/uploads/sites/1267/2021/01/State-Report_Texas.pdf
Hambleton, A., Pepin, G., Le, A., Maloney, D., National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, Touyz, S., & Maguire, S. (2022, September 5). Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature. Journal of Eating Disorders,10(1):132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00654-2
Uzunian, L.G., & Vitalle, M.S.S. (2015, November). Social skills: a factor of protection against eating disorders in adolescentes. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva,20(11):3495-3508. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152011.18362014
Barakat, S., McLean, S.A., Bryant, E., Le, A., Marks, P., National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, Touyz, S., & Maguire, S. (2023, January 17). Risk factors for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 22(8):1-31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4
Himmerich, H., Bentley, J., Kan, C., & Treasure, J. (2019, February 12). Genetic risk factors for eating disorders: an update and insights into pathophysiology. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 9:2045125318814734. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125318814734
Bills, E., Greene, D., Stackpole, R., & Egan, S.J. (2023, August 1). Perfectionism and eating disorders in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite, 187:106586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2023.106586
Dane, A., & Bhatia, K. (2023, March 22). The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(3):e0001091. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001091
Warren, C.S., & Akoury, L.M. (2020, April 1). Emphasizing the “Cultural” in Sociocultural: A Systematic Review of Research on Thin-Ideal Internalization, Acculturation, and Eating Pathology in US Ethnic Minorities. Psychology Research and Behavior Management,13:319-330. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S204274
Dziewa, M., Bańka, B., Herbet, M., & Piątkowska-Chmiel, I. (2023, September 12). Eating Disorders and Diabetes: Facing the Dual Challenge. Nutrients, 15(18):3955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183955
Ambwani, S., Shippe, M., Gao, Z., & Austin, S.B. (2019, June 3). Is #cleaneating a healthy or harmful dietary strategy? Perceptions of clean eating and associations with disordered eating among young adults. Journal of Eating Disorders, 7:17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-019-0246-2
Fatt, S.J., George, E., Hay, P., Jeacocke, N., Gotkiewicz, E., & Mitchison, D. (2024, July 16). An Umbrella Review of Body Image Concerns, Disordered Eating, and Eating Disorders in Elite Athletes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(14):4171. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144171
Burke, N.L., Hazzard, V.M., Schaefer, L.M., Simone, M., O’Flynn, J.L., & Rodgers, R.F. (2022, May 16). Socioeconomic Status and Eating Disorder Prevalence: At the Intersections of Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, and Race/Ethnicity. Psychological Medicine,53(9):4255-4265. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722001015
Costandache, G.I., Munteanu, O., Salaru, A., Oroian, B., & Cozmin, M. (2023, May 8). An overview of the treatment of eating disorders in adults and adolescents: pharmacology and psychotherapy. Advances in Psychiatry and Neurology, 32(1):40-48. https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2023.127237
Russell, H., Aouad, P., Le, A., Marks, P., Maloney, D., National Eating Disorder Research Consortium, Touyz, S., & Maguire, S. (2023, October 4). Psychotherapies for eating disorders: findings from a rapid review. Journal of Eating Disorders, 11:175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-023-00886-w
American Psychiatric Association. (2023). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Eating Disorders (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/book/10.1176/appi.books.9780890424865
Nagata, J.M., Ganson, K.T., & Austin,S.B. (2021, November 1). Emerging Trends in Eating Disorders among Sexual and Gender Minorities. Current Opinion in Psychiatry,33(6):562-567. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000645
Mars JA, Iqbal A, Rehman A. Binge Eating Disorder. [Updated 2024 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551700/
Jain A, Yilanli M. Bulimia Nervosa. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562178/
Moore CA, Bokor BR. Anorexia Nervosa. [Updated 2023 Aug 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459148/
Ramirez Z, Gunturu S. Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. [Updated 2024 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK603710/